Melanoma Koroid

Melanoma Koroid is a tumor on eyes koroid layer. Melanoma maligna on koroid is a cancer of the most frequently found.

Causes
Melanoma is a type of cancer is very aggressive and can spread quickly.
Melanoma can be caused by exposure to excessive sunlight.

The most frequently affected are those with bright-eyed and blue.
Eyes can be the main organ tumor or cancer may also originate from other organs.

SYMPTOMS
In the early stages, melanoma is usually not cause a disturbance of vision, but in the end can cause tumor ablasio retina and vision disturbances.

Other symptoms that may occur are:

- Red eyes and sore
- A small wound on the slices or konjungtiva
- Changes in iris color
- Disruption of vision in one eye
- Protruding eyes.

Or may not have symptoms at all.

Diagnosis
Ditegakkan diagnosis based on symptoms or the results of examination with the use oftalmoskop.

Checking the other usual:
- USG eye
- CT scan skull bones
- MRI head.

Medicine
If is small, the tumor can be laser or radiation therapy.

If the tumor are large, the eyes should be appointed. If the eye is not raised, tumor can spread to the eye socket (orbita) and to other organs (through the blood vessel), causing death.

If the tumor has spread, chemotherapy is done.

PREVENTION
To reduce sun exposure, should use a black eye if the glass outside the house / room.

Colorectal Polyp

Polyp is a growth of the network or rectal bowel wall protruding into the intestine or rectum and can not be cancer (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Polyps vary depending on the size, the greater the greater the risk of polyp to become cancerous or pre-cancer. Polyps may grow large with or without the parent cell. Where is that without a parent cell may be more cancer cells than with mother. Adenomatous polyps, which consist mainly of the gland cells inside the colon surface, may be a cancer (pre-cancer). Adenomas of serrated adenoma is a really aggressive.

Transcription Condition

Some polyps are the results derived from the condition, such as family adenomatous polyposis and Peutz Jeghers syndrome.

Just to know, there is a genetically problems that causes people have hundreds of polyp in their colon. Without treatment, nearly all cancer patients experience the age of 40 years . in Polyposis of the Adenomatous family, 100 or more pre-cancerous polyps occur throughout the large intestine and rectum during infancy or adolescence. On almost all of that is not treated, polyps develop into colon cancer or rectal cancer (colorectal cancer) before age 40 years. people with Polyposis of adenomatous family can cause other complications (formerly called Gardner syndrome), especially the various types of non cancer. This non-tumor cancers arising elsewhere in the body (for example, in the skin, skull, or jaw).

In the Peutz Jeghers syndrome, patients have a lot of small polyps in the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. They also have a lot of black spot of bluish in the face of them, in their mouth, and in their hands and feet. Spot tend to fade when pubertas except that in the mouth. People with Peutz Jeghers syndrome increase the risk of developing into cancer many organs, especially pancreas, small intestine, colon, breast, lung, ovary, and uterus.

Colorectal Polyp Symptoms

Most polyps do not cause symptoms. When they occur, the most common symptom is bleeding from the rectum. Large polyp may cause convulsions, abdominal pain, or obstructions. Large polyp with a very small protruding, such as finger (villous adenomas) may issue a water and salt, cause diarrhea with a lot of water that can cause low potassium content in the blood (hypokalemia). Rarely, rectal polyp in the rectum and out through the anus dangle.

Diagnosis

A doctor may be able to handle polyps with a gloved finger to insert in the anus, but usually polyps found during flexible sigmoidoscopy (examination the lower colon with a viewing tube). If the polyp appeared flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy is done to check the entire colon. Testing is a more thorough and reliable as it is done more than one polyp is usually present and which also may be cancer. Colonoscopy also allows a doctor to biopsy (tissue paper transfer of the sample for examination under the microscope) field, which also seems to be a cancer.

Colorectal Polyp Treatment

Doctors generally recommend to remove all polyps from the colon and rectum because of their potential to become cancer. Polyps removed during a colonoscopy procedure using cutlery or electrified cable with loop. If the polyp does not have a parent or the cells can not be removed during colonoscopy, abdominal surgery may be needed.

If the polyp is found to be cancer, treatment depends on whether the cancer is spreading. The risk of the spread is determined by microscopic examination on the polyp. If the risk is low, no further treatment is necessary. If high risk, especially if cancer cells have been overrun parent polyp, the affected colon removed with surgery, and the ends of the cut through the intestine.

When excision of the polyp, the entire colon and rectum are examined with a colonoscopy and a year ago after a period of examination is determined by your doctor. If such examination is not possible because constringency colon, barium enema is used to view the large intestine with X-ray.

for patients with family of adenomatous poliposis, cutting thorough colon and eliminate the risk of rectal cancer. Another alternative, colon and rectum removed linked to small intestine, this procedure sometimes polyps the rectum and therefore preferred by many experts. The rest of the rectum is examined by sigmoidoscopy every 3 to 6 months, so that new polyps can be eliminated. If the new polyps appear too fast, rectum should also be removed. If the rectum removed, holes were created operation of the abdominal wall through the small intestine (ileostomy). The dirt is removed through the body into the ileostomy bag disposable.

Some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being studied for their ability to reverse the growth of polips in people with familial adenomatous poliposis. Their effects are temporary, however, and once these drugs are discontinued, the polyps begin to grow again. Some anti inflammation nonsteroid drugs (NSAIDs) are learned for their ability to reverse the growth polyps in patients with poliposis family adenomatous. While their effects, however, and so the medicine is stopped, start polyps grow large again.

conclution: Some of the polyp caused by a hereditary condition. Bleeding from the rectum is the most common symptoms. Colonoscopy is done to make the diagnosis. Surgery adoption is the best choice treatment.

Herpes Simplex infection to the cornea

Herpes infection of the cornea is Simplex infection on the cornea caused by herpes virus simplex. Herpes infection of the cornea is a recurrent virus infection. Research shows that up to 50% of patients relapse experienced. Test results of infection can occur several weeks or even several years after the first infection.

Herpes Simplex Symptoms

In the early stages, this infection resembling bacterial infection because of mild symptoms that occur are mild (the eyes feels sore, watery, red and sensitive to light).

Swelling cornea cause blurred vision.

Infection often causes only mild changes in the cornea and will disappear by itself.

Sometimes the virus penetrate deeper and the surface of the cornea.

Re-infection can cause more damage on the surface of the cornea.

If the patient until the infection is repeated, ulcerates can occur (the formation of open wound), the formation of scar network settle and feel lost when the eye is touched.

Simplex herpes virus can also cause increased blood vessel growth, disturbances of vision or blindness.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is done base on symptoms and results of eye examination.

Herpes Simplex Treatment

Given drugs such as anti-virus trifluridin, vidarabin or idoxuridine; salep usually in the form of cleaner or solvent eyes.

To help speed up disturbances of vision healing that is caused by simplex herpes virus, eye specialist doctors sometimes use cotton to remove cells from the dead and damaged surface of the cornea.

Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)

Hypotension (low blood pressure) is a condition in which blood pressure is lower than 90/60 mmHg or blood pressure low enough so that it causes symptoms such as dizziness and fainting.

Maintain the pressure at the time of leaving the heart and blood circulation to the whole body is very important. Pressure must be high enough to deliver oxygen and food substances to all cells in the body and dispose of waste generated.
If the pressure is too high, can tear the blood vessel and cause bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke) or other complication.

If the pressure is too low, the blood can not provide oxygen and food substances for which sufficient cells and can not remove the waste generated, as appropriate.


Compensation mechanism of blood pressure

There are 3 factors that help determine blood pressure:

1. The amount of blood pumped from the heart
   The more blood is pumped from the heart each minute (cardiac output, heart rainfall), the higher the blood pressure.
   
   Too much blood is pumped may be reduced if the heart rhythm slowed it's contradiction or weakened, as can happen after a heart attack (infarct myocardium).
   
   Heart rate is very fast, which can reduce the efficiency of the heart pumps, rainfall can also reduce heart.
2. Volume of blood in the vein.
   The more blood in circulation, the higher the blood pressure. Loss of blood due to dehydration or bleeding can reduce blood volume and lower blood pressure.
3. Capacity of the blood vessel.
   The small capacity of the heart tube, the higher the blood pressure. Dilation of blood vessel cause blood pressure and decrease blood vessel constriction causes blood pressure increase.

Sensor system, which is located mainly in the neck and chest, blood pressure monitors constantly. If found that the changes caused by one of the three factors above, the sensor system will trigger a change in one of the factors to compensate so that a stable blood pressure can be maintained.

Nerves carry signals from the sensor system and from the center of the brain to some important organs:

• Heart, to change the speed and strength of heartbeat (the amount of blood pumped)
• Kidney, to manage the expenditure of water (change in volume of blood circulation)
• Blood vessel, to cause contraction / wrinkling or dilatation (the capacity of the blood vessel).

Therefore, if the blood vessel open out (which will tend to lower blood pressure), the system immediately sends sensor signals through the brain and heart to heart rate to increase, so that the flow of blood from the heart and increased blood pressure changes occur.

Low blood pressure may be a result of the deviation function in the mechanisms that maintain blood pressure. For example, if the ability to bring nerve signal is interrupted due to various diseases, the compensation mechanism can not function properly.

Causes of Low Blood Pressure

• Changes In The Compensation Mechanism
• Rainfall decreased heart abnormal heart rhythm
• Damage, or loss of function of heart muscle rudiment
• Heart valve disease
• Embolism pulmonary
• Blood volume decreased by severe bleeding
• Diarrhea
• Excessive perspiration
• Excessive urinary
• Increase capacity of shock septic blood vessel
• By heat exposure
• Diarrhea
• Vasodilator drugs (nitrate, calcium resistor, resistor ACE)

Symptoms of Hypotension

People will usually feel dizzy or fainting.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is done base on symptoms and examination results of blood pressure. Check the other usual: Checking blood

• Blood production
• EKG
• Analysis of urine water
• Stomach Rays
• Chest Rays

Heart Tumor

Tumor is an abnormal growth, can be a cancer (maligna, malignant) or nonkanker (benigna, tame).

Heart Tumor is divided into 2 groups:

• Primary Tumor: comes from in the heart and can occur on any network from the heart
  This can be a tumor or cancer non cancer and usually rare.
• Secondary Tumor: comes from the other part of body (usually the lung, breast, blood and skin), which spread to the heart and always be violence.
  Secondary tumor 30-40 times more frequently found.

MIKSOMA

Miksoma is a benign tumor, which forms the heart are usually not organized and its density such as jelly (gelatin).

• 50% of the primary tumor is miksoma.
• 75% of miksoma found in the left atrium (the heart chamber that receives blood rich in oxygen from the lungs).

Miksoma in the left of atrium often grow with a stem and can swing freely with the flow of blood as the ball is bound by rope.

At the time of swinging, tumor moving in and out the mitral valve near it. This can swing open the valve plug and repeatedly, so that blood flow and stop alternately.

Attack congestion tuberculosis or fainting and shortness of breath can occur when people standing as interesting style of gravity to the bottom of the tumor and clog valves; symptoms can be reduced with this lie.

Tumor can damage the mitral valve, so that the flow of blood through it become leak, product the sound of the murmur that can be heard through the stethoscope.

Miksoma or part of a blood clot that originated from the surface miksoma can be broken, and then follow the blood stream and clog the blood vessel. Symptoms depending on which the blood vessel that is clogged.

If it clog the blood vessel leading to the brain causes stroke, while the stoppage of blood vessel in the lungs can cause pain and coughing with blood.

Other symptoms of miksoma is:

• Fever
• A decrease in body weight
• Cold
• Pain in the fingers of the hands and feet due to cold weather (Raynaud phenomenon)
• Anemia
• The amount of blood thrombosis that is low.

GAMBAR Miksoma atrium left atrium right Miksoma


Other Primary Tumor

Other benign heart tumor that is more rare are fibroma and rabdomioma, which can grow directly from the cellular network of fibrosis and heart muscle cells.

Rabdomioma occur in infancy or childhood, usually called sklerosis tuberus.
Usually children will survive less than 1 year.

Symtomps of Heart Tumor

Heart tumor can doesn't causes symptoms or can cause a deviation in the function of the heart, such as other heart disease, which can result in fatal.

Aberration functions of the heart that can occur are:

• Heart failure that occurs in sudden
• Heart rhythm irregularity that occurs in sudden
• Decrease in blood pressure that occurs suddenly is due to bleeding in perikardium (pericardium)

Diagnosis

Heart tumor is difficult to be diagnosed as it chronological that is very rare and because the symptoms are similar to other diseases.

Usually, doctors have reason to suspect the existence of heart tumor. For example, if someone suffering from cancer in other places, but about the symptoms of heart aberration function, then a tumor is suspected heart.

Several checks are also used to diagnose heart tumor:

1. Echocardiography (heart examination by using sound waves that is bounced back through the chest wall)
2. Echocardiography transesofageal (heart examination by using sound waves that is bounced back through the esophagus)
3. Photo rays after a radioactive material injection.
4. CT scan and MRI scan

If the tumor has been found, an example network taken with the lapse of a special use, to determine the type of tumor and type of treatment that will be done.
Medicine

Primary single heart tumor non cancer can usually appointed through surgery and be able to heal people.
Surgery is not done on the tumor which is more than one or on a very large tumor.

Primary and secondary tumor is malignant can not be cured, only the symptoms can be overcome.

Endocarditic Infective

Endocarditic Infective infection is on the pericardium and the heart valve. It can happen in sudden and in a few days can result in fatal (endocarditic infective acute), or can occur gradually and being camouflaged in a few weeks to several months (endocarditic infective sub acute).

The bacteria causes acute bacterially endocarditic sometimes strong enough to infect a normal heart valve; bacteria causes bacterially endocarditic sub acute almost always infect abnormal valve and a damaged valve.

IMAGE Valve & space Endocarditic heart infective

Causes of endocarditic infective

It is caused by bacteria (or fungi) that are in the flow of blood or contaminate the heart during heart surgery, can be stuck on the heart valve and infect pericardium.

The infection is easily the abnormal valve, or valve that is damaged, but the normal valve, also can be infected by bacteria that aggressive, especially if the amount is very large.

Endocarditic infective also caused by heap of bacteria and blood clot on the valve (vegetation) can be released and move to the vital organs, where they cause a stoppage in the flow of arterial blood.
Stoppage like this very seriously, because it can cause stroke, heart attack and infection, as well as damage to the region where the stoppage is formed.

The risk of a endocarditic infective

• Injury on the skin, mouth or gum layer (due to chewing or tooth polish), which allows the insertion of a small number of bacteria in the bloodstream
  Gingivitis (inflammation and infection in the gum), a small infection on the skin and infections in other body parts, can act as the entrance to the bacteria in the bloodstream.
• Particular surgery, dental procedures and some medical procedures can also make it easier for bacteria to enter the bloodstream.
  Examples are the use of intravenous infuse to enter the liquid, food or medicines; sitoscopy (enter the hose to check the bladder) and colonoscopy (enter the hose to check the large intestine).
• Valve heart that has been damaged.
  At the heart valve that has a normal, white blood cell in the body will destroy the bacteria, this bacteria. But the heart valve that has been damaged, can cause bacteria being lodged and proliferate there.
• Valve artificial heart
  In the artificial heart valves, the bacteria can enter the bacteria and is more immune to the antibiotics.
  
• Default aberration or a deviation possible leakages of blood from one heart to the heart of the other
• Septicemia
  Bakteremia (the bacteria in the blood) which is light may not cause immediate symptoms, but bakteremia can develop into septicemia.
  Septicemia is heavy on the blood infection, which often causes a high fever, shivering, trembling, and decrease blood pressure.
• Needle drugs user, because they often use a needle or a dirty solution.
  
  On needle drug users and endocarditic patient because of prolonged use of catheter, a valve which is often infected is the valve to the right ventricle (valve tricuspidalis).
  In most other cases, the infected valve is to the left ventricle (mitralis valve) or the valve out of the left ventricle (aorta valve).

Artificial valve on the user, the biggest risk of a endocarditic is for 1 year after surgery, after the risk is reduced, but still higher than normal.
For reasons unknown, the risk is always higher in the aorta valve made in comparison with artificial mitral valve, and the risk of mechanical valve higher than the pig valve.

Symptoms of Endocarditic Infective

Bacterially Endocarditic acute usually begins suddenly in with a high fever (38,9-40,9? Celsius), a fast heartbeat, fatigue, and heart valve damage and a fast wide.
Vegetation endocardial (embolism), which could move apart and cause the infection to other places

Hoarding pus (abses) can occur in the bottom of the infected heart valve or where the infected embolism being lodged.
Heart valve may experience perforation (hole) and within a few days of leakage can occur.

Some people experience shock, kidney and other organs stop functioning (sepsis syndrome).

Infections can weaken arterial walls, blood vessel and causes blood vessel being lacerated.
This split may result in fatal, especially in the case of the brain or near the heart.

Bacterially Endocarditic sub acute can cause symptoms for several months before the damaged heart valve or before embolism has formed.
Symptoms include fatigue, mild fever (37,2-39,2? Celsius), a decrease in body weight, sweat and anemia.

Suspected of a endocarditic if someone has a fever without a clear source of infection, if found a new heart murmur or murmur if the old has changed. Spleen can swell.

A very small bump spot arise on the skin, also in the white eye or under the hand of the finger nails. The spots are a very minor bleeding caused by a small embolism after heart valve.

Embolism that can cause a larger stomach pain, sudden stoppage in the arterial arm or leg, heart attack or stroke.

Other symptoms of bacterially endocarditic acute and sub acute is:

• Doddery
• Painful joints
• Pale skin
• Rapid heartbeat
• Confusion
• There is blood in the urine water

Endocarditic on the artificial heart valve can be acute or sub acute.
Compared with the infection in the native valve, the valve made infection more easily spread to the heart muscle in the bottom of valve and valve loosen. Need to be performed surgery to replace the valve because of heart failure caused by leakage of the valve can result in fatal.

Or interference can occur in the electrical conduction system of heart that cause heartbeat slowing down and cause a sudden stunned or even death.

Endocarditic Infective Diagnosis

Diagnosis is done base on symptoms, especially in people who have a tendency to suffer this disease.

On echocardiography (drawing the heart using sound waves) can be found the vegetation and heart valve damage.

Propagation of blood is done to determine the bacterial cause. Blood examination performed 3-4 times at different times, only because there are bacteria in the blood at certain times.
Medicine

Patients treated in the hospital and get high doses of intravenous antibiotics for at least 2 weeks.

Giving antibiotics is not enough on the artificial valve infection. May need to be heart surgery to repair or replace the damaged valve and remove the vegetation.

As a precaution, the rudiment of the heart valves, each will undergo dental or surgical measures should be given antibiotics.

Conjunctivitis

conjunctivitis is an inflammation on conjunctiva.

conjunctivitis gonococci

New born baby can get infection gonococcus on conjunctiva from passing through the road when his mother was born.

Therefore, every new born baby will get eye drops (usually silver nitrate, povidin iodin) or antibiotics salve (either erythromycin for example) to kill bacteria that can cause conjunctivitis gonococci.

Adults can get conjunctivitis gonococci through sexual intercourse (for example, if the infected cement fluid splashed into the eye). Conjunctivitis usually attacks only one eye.

Within 12-48 hours after infection began, the eyes become red and painful. If not treated can form ulcus cornea, abscess, eye perforation even blindness.
To overcome conjunctivitis gonococci, tablets, injections and eye drops that contains antibiotics should be given

Causes

• Conjunctiva may experience inflammation as a result: infectious virus or bacteria
• Allergic reaction to dust, pollen, fur
• Irritation by wind, dust, smoke and other air pollution, ultraviolet rays from the weld or the power of the sun that is bounced back by snow.

Sometimes conjunctivitis can take place for months or many years. Conjunctivitis of this kind can be caused by:

• Entropies or entropies
• Deviation of the water channel
• Sensitivity to chemicals
• The exposure by irritants
• Infection by certain bacteria (especially Chlamydia).

Use of contact lenses, especially in the long term, can also cause conjunctivitis.

Symptoms
Conjunctiva that is get an irritation will appear red and remove the dirt.
Conjunctivitis that is caused by bacteria, issues dirt that is thick and white. Conjunctivitis that is caused by the virus or allergy issues a clear dirt.
Eyelid may swell and are very itchy, especially at conjunctivitis as allergy.

Other symptoms are:

• Watery eyes
• Eyes feel sore
• The tingle
• Blurred views
• Sensitive to light
• Scabs are produced in the eyelid when awake in the morning.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis is done, based on symptoms and eye examination results.

Medicine
Treatment depends on the causes.

• Eyelid cleaned with warm water.
• If the bacteria causes, salve is given or eye drops that contain antibiotics.
• Conjunctivitis due to allergies, antihistamine per-oral (through the mouth) can reduce itching, irritation and itching. or can be also given eye drops containing a corticosteroid.

To improve the position of lid or to open the eye water channel that is clogged, may need to be surgery.

Prevention

• Conjunctivitis easily spread, because the before and after cleaning or spread drugs, patients should wash hands out clean.
• Try not to touch the eyes of healthy eyes after handling the sick.
• Do not use a towel or cloth, along with the other house.
• Use the contact lenses according to instructions from the doctor and the author factory.

Colorectal Cancer (rectum)

In western countries, colon cancer (colon) and rectum (colorectal cancer) is a type of cancer is no 2 the most common, and no 2 cause of cancer death. Figures colorectal cancer incidence increased at the age of 40 years and peak at age 60-75 years. Colon cancer (cancer colon) occurred more frequently in women, cancer rectum more often found in men. About 5% of colon cancer or rectum cancer has more than one colorectum cancer at the same time.

Colon cancer usually begins with swelling, such as a button on the surface of the coating on the bowel or polyp. Then cancer will start to enter the intestinal wall. Lymph nodes in the neighborhood can also be affected.

Because blood from the bowel wall was brought to the heart, cancer usually spread colon (metastases) to the heart soon after spread to lymph gland in the neighborhood.

Causes of Cancer Colorectal

Someone with a family history of cancer suffering colon, have a high risk contract cancer.
Historical of genetically poliposis or a similar disease also increase the risk of cancer colon.

Colitis ulcerative patients or Crohn disease have higher risk for suffering from cancer. Risk associated with patient age at the time of this difference arises, and the duration of this deviation.

Food handling an important role in colon cancer risk, but how, is not known. In the world, people with the highest risk are those who live in urban areas and the typical foods of the rich west. Food is a low fiber and high animal protein, fat and carbohydrate. Presumably decreased risk with high dietary calcium, vitamin D and vegetables such as Brusel sprout, cabbage and broccoli.

Cancer Colorectal Symptom

Colorectal cancer grow slowly and take a long time before causing symptoms.
Symptoms depending on the type, location and spread of cancer.

The right colon (asendens colon) has a large diameter and thin wall that. Because of its liquid form, asendens colon will not be stopped until the final stages of a cancer.
The tumor of asendens colon can be so swell that can be felt through the stomach wall. Weak because of anemia that may be the only symptom.

The left colon (desendens colon) has a smaller diameter and a thicker wall and the feces quite dense.

Cancer tends to encircle the colon this, cause constipation and defecate frequently, alternately.

Because desendens colon more narrow and thicker walls, stoppage occurs earlier. Patient experiencing painful stomach cramps or stomach pain and constipation that great. Can bloody feces, but blood is often hidden, and can only be known through laboratory examination.

Most cancers cause bleeding, but usually slowly. Rectum on cancer, the first symptoms are most often bleeding during defecate. If rectum bleed, even when the patient is also suffering from hemorrhoids or disease diverticle, thought must also be the possibility of a cancer.
On rectum cancer, patients can feel pain when defecate and feelings that their rectum have not been fully empty. Can be a pain to sit. But usually people do not feel pain because their cancer, unless the cancer has spread to outside the network rectum

Diagnosis

Like other cancers, checks the filter routine, to help early detection of cancer colorectal.
Using the microscopic examination of feces to calculate the amount of blood. To help ensure the right of examination, the patient ate a high fiber red meat for 3 days before the sample of feces. When this filter examination showed the possibility of cancer, needs further examination.

Prior to endoscopy, emptied bowels, often with some mineral oil and enema.
Approximately 65% of cancer colorectal can be seen with sigmoidoskop. If a polyp may look violent, the whole colon is examined with colonoscopy, the power coverage longer. Some growth was seen with the malignant surgical instrument through colonoscopy, growth should be raised with the other usual surgery.

Colonoscopy

Examination of blood can help establish the diagnosis.
At 70% of people who suffer cancer colorectal, degree of carcinoembriogenic antigen in the blood is high. When the measure was before the cancer antigen is high, then after the surgery can measure down. On the next visit, this antigen level was measured again; if the measure means that the cancer has increased relapse again. Measurements can also be 2 other antigen, namely CA19-9 and CA 125, which is similar to the antigen carcinoembbriogenic.

Cancer Colorectal Medication

Treatment on the primary colorectal cancer is by removal of the affected intestine and it's gland system.
30% of patients can not tolerate surgery because of bad health, so that some tumor was electrocoagulation through. This can alleviate symptoms and extend the age, but does not cure the tumor.

In most cases colon cancer, part of the intestine that was violent is taken over with the surgery and the remaining is connected again.

Rectum for cancer, the type of surgery depends on how far the cancer distance from the anus is and how it grows in to the rectum wall.

Removal of all rectum and anus require that the patient experiences the permanently colostomy (making a connection between the stomach wall colon). With colostomy, the contents of large intestine through the empty hole in the wall to the stomach in a bag, the bag is called colostomy.

When possible, rectum that was removed only in part, and leaving the other end of the rectum and anus. Then connect the other end of the rectum to the end of colon.

Radiation therapy after tumor designation, can help control the growth of remaining tumor, slow down the relapse and increase life expectancy.

Tumor removal and radiation therapy, is effective for cancer rectum with the 1-4 lymph gland cancer. But less effective in people with cancer rectum that has more than 4 cancer gland lymph gland.

If the cancer has spread and colorectal surgery does not seem to help healing, can be done with florouracil chemotherapy and levamisole, which can increase life expectancy.

When the colorectal cancer has spread, so that can not be lifted entirely, surgery to relieve intestinal stoppage, can alleviate symptoms. But life expectancy is only about 7 months. If the cancer has spread only to liver, chemotherapy drugs can be injected directly into the blood vessel to the heart. Although expensive, this treatment can provide more benefits than the usual chemotherapy. But this treatment still require further research. If the cancer has spread outside the liver, this treatment is not effective anymore.

After the colorectal cancer was all through the surgery, performed colonoscopy to check the remaining intestine, as much as 2-5 times each year. If this check does not indicate the existence of cancer, the next inspection is done every 2-3 years.

The spread of colorectal cancer & patient's life expectancy rate
life expectancy rate of 5 years90%80%30%

The spread of cancer
Cancer that is only spread to a mucosa layer of intestine
Cancer penetrate into the muscle layer of intestine
Cancer gland spread to lymph

Cataracts Symptoms and Treatment

Cataract is the irregularity in the crystalline lens that causes vision disturbances. In many cases, the cause is not known. Cataracts usually occur in old age and can be derived.

The formation of cataracts is speed up by environmental factors, such as smoking or other toxic materials.

• Cataracts can be caused by: Injury eye
• Metabolic disease (eg diabetes)
• Medicine-specific drugs (eg corticosteroid).

Congenitally cataracts are cataracts that are found when the baby is born (or some time later).

Congenitally Cataracts be a descendant of the disease (an inherited autosomal dominant) or can be caused by:

• Congenital infection, such as German measles
• Connect with metabolic disease, such as galactosemia.

Risk factor is the occurrence of congenitally cataracts:

• It was revealed that metabolic
• Cataracts in the family history
• Virus infection in the mother when the baby is still in the womb.

Cataracts in adults is usually associated with the aging process.
Cataracts in adults are grouped into:

1. Immature cataracts: lens still has the clear
2. Mature cataract: whole lens is clouded
3. Hyper mature cataracts: the surface of the lens there is a leak through the lens capsule and can cause inflammation in the eyes of other structures.

Most of the lens a bit muddy after the age of 60 years. Most of the patients experienced similar changes in both eyes, although changes in one eye may be worse compared with the other eye. Many people with cataracts that have only a mild disturbance of vision and does not realize that they are suffering from cataracts.

Factors that influence the occurrence of cataracts are:

• Degree of low blood calcium
• Diabetes
• Corticosteroid the long-term
• Inflammation diseases and metabolic diseases.
• Environmental factors (trauma, radiation, ultraviolet rays).

Cataract Symptoms

All rays that enter the eye must first go through the lens. Therefore, every part of the lens that inhibit, distort or distribute harmful rays can cause vision.

Heavy disturbances of vision depends on the location and maturity cataracts.

Cataracts develop slowly and do not cause pain accompanied by vision disturbances that appear gradually.

Disturbances of vision can be:

• Difficult to see at night
• See the circle around the light or feel light dazzle
• A decrease in the sharpness of vision (even in the afternoon).

Other symptoms are:

• Often switch glass eye
• Double vision in one eye

Sometimes cataract cause lenses swelling and increased pressure in the eye (glaucoma), that can cause pain.

Cataracts Diagnosis

Diagnosis is done base on symptoms and results of eye examination.

• Regular diagnostic check is performed: a standard eye examination, including slit lamp examination with
• Of USG as a preparation for cataract surgery.

Cataract Treatment

The only treatment for cataracts is surgery. Surgery is done if the patient can not see well with the help of a glasses to do their daily activities. Some people may feel better vision only change with glasses, use bifocus glasses and a more powerful lens or using brass. If the cataract does not hassle, usually do not need surgery.

Cataract surgery consists of lifting the lens and replace them with artificial lenses.

1. Pickup lens
   There are 2 types of surgery that can be used to lift the lens:
   • Extra capsular surgery: the lens was left with its capsule.
     To soften the lens so the lens is easier to slice through the small, certain frequency sound waves used high (fakoemulsification).
   • Intracapsular surgery: lens with its capsule appointed. At this time surgery is rarely performed intracapsular.
2. Replacement lenses
   People who have been undergoing cataract surgery will usually have artificial lens as a replacement lens that has been lifted. This artificial lens is a plastic plate called intraocular lenses, lens intraocular usually inserted in the lens capsule in the eye.

Cataract surgery is often performed and generally safe. After surgery, rarely occur bleeding or infection in the eye that can cause a serious disturbance of vision. To prevent infection, reduce inflammation and speed healing, for a few weeks after surgery, eye drops or salve is given. To protect the eyes from injury, the patient should use glass eyes or eye protectors made of metal until the surgical wound is completely healed.

Cataract Prevention

Prevention is the main disease-related cataracts and avoids the factors that accelerate appearance of cataracts.

Using a sunglasses when outside the room during the day can reduce the amount of ultraviolet rays that enter the eye. Quitting smoking can reduce the risk of the occurrence of cataracts.

Benign Tumor Conjunctiva

There are 2 types of benign tumor that can grow on conjunctiva is pinguecula and pterigium.

PINGUECULA

Pinguecula projection is a cream-colored that grow near the cornea. Size can be bigger. The causes are unknown, but growth is supported by sun exposure and eye irritation. Pinguecula not well seen but does not usually cause a serious problem and does not need to be removed / lifted


PTERIGIUM

Pterigium is the growth of conjunctiva network into cornea.

The causes are unknown, but often found in people who are often under the sun exposure. Pterigium the occurrence of risk factors are living in areas exposed to more sunlight, dusty areas, large sand or wind. Often found in the farmers, fishermen and people living near the equator. Rare attack children.

Projection appears as a network with white edge on the blood vessel in the cornea or the outside edge. Pterigium can causes a change to the shape of cornea, so that there astigmatism and other disturbances of vision.

If it reach to the pupil area and disrupt the vision, pterigium should be appointed through the surgery. To prevent from pterigium that is recurred, field workers should use protective glasses or a hat.

Red Eye Allergies (Allergic conjunctivitis)

Allergic conjunctivitis inflammation is caused by allergic reactions. Conjunctiva contain many cells of immune system (mast cells) that release a chemical compound (mediator) in responding to different stimulus (such as pollen or dust mite). This causes inflammation mediators in the eye, which may be briefly or long endure. About 20% of people have a level of red eye allergy.

Red eyes and seasonal allergies are allergic to the red eye development is the most common type of allergic reaction in the eye. Red eye often seasonal allergy that is caused by tree pollen or dust, so this type of relief, especially in spring or early summer. Pollen weeds responsible for the symptoms of red eyes allergic in the summer and early autumn. Allergies of the eyes continuously occur throughout the year, most often caused by dust mite, animal fur, feathers and poultry.

Vernal red eye is a form of allergic red eyes a more serious where the cause is not known. Condition most often occurs in boys, especially those aged less than 10 years old who have eczema, asthma, or seasonal allergies. Red eye usually relapse Vernal each spring and lost in the autumn and winter. Many children do not experience it again at the age of young adults.

Allergic Conjunctivitis Symptoms

People with all forms of red eyes allergic (Allergic conjunctivitis) grow quickly and become itchy burnt feeling in both eyes. Although it is usually the same, sometimes, one eye may be more infected than the other eye. Conjunctiva to red, and sometimes swollen conjunctiva, the surface of the eyeball appear pudgy so many people are disturbed. In the eyes seasonal and sustainable, it is very much a thin watery stool. This view is rarely affected.

On the red eye Vernal, dirt and a lot of eyes as mucus. Unlike the type of other allergic red eyes, red eyes often affect the cornea Vernal, and ulcer pain that can arise. This ulcer causes excessive sensitivity to bright light and sometimes cause a permanent reduction of sight.

Diagnosis

Doctors recognize the red-eye allergy by its appearance and unique symptoms.

Allergic conjunctivitis Treatment

Conditions treated with anti-allergy eye drops. Such drugs include cromolyn, lodoxamide, olopatadine, and antihistamine eye drops, such as emedastine and levocabastine. Ketorolac eye drops have any anti inflammation and help overcome the symptoms. Corticosteroid eye drops have any anti inflammation better, but they should not be used more than a few weeks without a sighting stick because they can cause increased pressure in the eye (glaucoma), cataracts, and increase the risk of eye infection. Recently, the eye drops that can prevent the causes and effects of swelling, such as azelastine, nedocromil, and pemirolast, have been used well.

Heart Tumor

Tumor is an abnormal growth, can be a cancer (maligna, malignant) or nonkanker (benigna, tame).

Heart Tumor is divided into 2 groups:

• Primary Tumor: comes from in the heart and can occur on any network from the heart
  This can be a tumor or cancer non cancer and usually rare.
• Secondary Tumor: comes from the other part of body (usually the lung, breast, blood and skin), which spread to the heart and always be violence.
  Secondary tumor 30-40 times more frequently found.

MIKSOMA

Miksoma is a benign tumor, which forms the heart are usually not organized and its density such as jelly (gelatin).

• 50% of the primary tumor is miksoma.
• 75% of miksoma found in the left atrium (the heart chamber that receives blood rich in oxygen from the lungs).

Miksoma in the left of atrium often grow with a stem and can swing freely with the flow of blood as the ball is bound by rope.

At the time of swinging, tumor moving in and out the mitral valve near it. This can swing open the valve plug and repeatedly, so that blood flow and stop alternately.

Attack congestion tuberculosis or fainting and shortness of breath can occur when people standing as interesting style of gravity to the bottom of the tumor and clog valves; symptoms can be reduced with this lie.

Tumor can damage the mitral valve, so that the flow of blood through it become leak, product the sound of the murmur that can be heard through the stethoscope.

Miksoma or part of a blood clot that originated from the surface miksoma can be broken, and then follow the blood stream and clog the blood vessel. Symptoms depending on which the blood vessel that is clogged.

If it clog the blood vessel leading to the brain causes stroke, while the stoppage of blood vessel in the lungs can cause pain and coughing with blood.

Other symptoms of miksoma is:

• Fever
• A decrease in body weight
• Cold
• Pain in the fingers of the hands and feet due to cold weather (Raynaud phenomenon)
• Anemia
• The amount of blood thrombosis that is low.

GAMBAR Miksoma atrium left atrium right Miksoma


Other Primary Tumor

Other benign heart tumor that is more rare are fibroma and rabdomioma, which can grow directly from the cellular network of fibrosis and heart muscle cells.

Rabdomioma occur in infancy or childhood, usually called sklerosis tuberus.
Usually children will survive less than 1 year.

Symtomps of Heart Tumor

Heart tumor can doesn't causes symptoms or can cause a deviation in the function of the heart, such as other heart disease, which can result in fatal.

Aberration functions of the heart that can occur are:

• Heart failure that occurs in sudden
• Heart rhythm irregularity that occurs in sudden
• Decrease in blood pressure that occurs suddenly is due to bleeding in perikardium (pericardium)

Diagnosis

Heart tumor is difficult to be diagnosed as it chronological that is very rare and because the symptoms are similar to other diseases.

Usually, doctors have reason to suspect the existence of heart tumor. For example, if someone suffering from cancer in other places, but about the symptoms of heart aberration function, then a tumor is suspected heart.

Several checks are also used to diagnose heart tumor:

1. Echocardiography (heart examination by using sound waves that is bounced back through the chest wall)
2. Echocardiography transesofageal (heart examination by using sound waves that is bounced back through the esophagus)
3. Photo rays after a radioactive material injection.
4. CT scan and MRI scan

If the tumor has been found, an example network taken with the lapse of a special use, to determine the type of tumor and type of treatment that will be done.
Medicine

Primary single heart tumor non cancer can usually appointed through surgery and be able to heal people.
Surgery is not done on the tumor which is more than one or on a very large tumor.

Primary and secondary tumor is malignant can not be cured, only the symptoms can be overcome.

Eczema Symptoms and Remedy

Eczema is allergic reaction to the skin. Simple symptoms is marked with the occurrence of reddish color on the skin. This eczema disease in the world of medicine is usually called with atopic dermatitis. Eczema if not treated will lead to the occurrence of ulceration and is spreading to the skin that have not been infected.

Lifestyle has a important role in fertilizing the eczema fungi on the skin. The outside factors that is become the main pathogenesis factor of eczema is a natural tropical. Tropical countries like Indonesia is very hot and humid. This is fertile all skin diseases, because our bodies more often prickly issue. Obesity, stress, chronic diseases such as Tuberculosis or Diabetes Mellitus, and socio-economic status that is low can also be triggered disease eczema arrival.

Eczema on the attack more often those who are allergic talented. This disease in the family tend to be revealed, especially in the family has a history of allergy to food or certain goods. Disease eczema can occur in anyone, of up to five adults.

Eczema disease can arise because the skin is not resistant to substance-specific substances such as cosmetics that are not suitable for skin or chemicals other. Eat-foods such as chocolate, milk, and seafood such as shrimp, sea crab, squid and others. Clothing that does not absorb sweat, detergents, imitation jewelry can also cause eczema.

Symptoms or signs of disease eczema are:

• Feeling hot and cold over the skin on the affected eczema.
• Itchiness especially felt at night.
• little blisters will be shown, and hard scaly skin on the surface of the skin that will be accompanied by swelling.
• Eczema will very quickly infect skin to the other.
• Eczema can be divided into 2, namely eczema, dry and wet eczema. Eczema, dry skin will be visible on the dry, scaly, reddish, sometimes swollen and feels itchy. While wet eczema on the skin will appear red, swollen, blister, and wet, break out in pimples containing pus or water which cause itchiness.

Areas which are often infected eczema is a disease: in between the fingers hands or legs, and the body-bending regions, such as interrupt thigh, back of knee, wrist, and the area around the neck. Disease eczema often occurs in repetitive or relapse, because it must be observed to avoid the things or materials that may cause allergy (allergen).

The issues that must be observed by the people with the disease eczema are:

• Do not bathe too often (because if too often become wet it will be difficult to be dried up) or when necessary in the lap course.
• When you want to take a bath, use warm water (not too hot).
• Do not use soap on the area that fell ill to avoid irritation.
• Avoid contact with fabric or blanket made of wool, use of clean clothes, not tight and absorb sweat.
• If the eczema due to certain allergic to food, then avoid these foods.
• Do not use soap or detergents that hard.
• Avoid using substances such as chemicals, cosmetic substances and drugs that are too hard on the skin.
• Maintain a balance weight, people who have more weight, especially with very fat sweat more and have friction on the skin fold that trigger skin fungus.

The most important and do not scratch. Scratch eczema will only aggravate the situation, because the skin will be infected by the bacteria-bacteria that are in the nails, and when the wound is dry out the skin color will appear different. Should cut nail on the people who have eczema so that it does not wound infection by bacteria.

Lowest rate of Testosterone on Older persons Causes Anemia

Men and women of old age over 65 years and has a lowest rate of testosterone, have a high-risk affected anemia, results of research experts.

During this, testosterone hormone associated with male hormone, female normally have testosterone hormone which measure lower compared with men.

Low rate of testosterone is a key factors for the occurrence of anemia, which is not observed, Dr. Luigi Ferruci, from National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland and his team describe the in the Archives of Internal Medicine.

According to them, the low rate of testosterone should be able to become a potential instruction of occurrence factor of anemia in older people, particularly when other cause factors not found.

The findings obtained by the research team based on research results on the population in Italy, where the degree and testosterone hemoglobin influences each other. They conduct research on 905 parents who have aged more than 65 years.

Hemoglobin is a component of oxygen in the cells blood red. While the definition of anemia is the concentration of HB under 12 grams per deciliter on women and under 13 grams per deciliter on men.

At the beginning of the research there are 31 men and 57 women who experience anemia, with hemoglobin values under the normal value.

Men's degree with a very low testosterone will experience anemia fivefold higher compared with men who has higher level of testosterone, while the rate for women low testosterone will experience anemia twice higher.

While for those who initially have a hemoglobin level normal, but have a low testosterone level, will risk natural anemia in three years.

Although there is a statistically meaningful relationship between low testosterone level with the low hemoglobin level, but many people have low testosterone level but not anemia and those who are, have a normal testosterone level.

The findings from these experts said that the low level of testosterone can be a trigger but not the occurrence of anemia only to determine the occurrence of anemia; the possibility of other effects can be a compensation mechanism.

At the end of the research, Ferrucci and his team concluded that the anemia happens to the older person because of the diverse factors. Knowing the causes of the occurrence of anemia in this population is important, because the anemia that occurs in older people often cannot be explained, but has a high-risk causes illness associated with decreased of physical function.