Skleritis | Inflammation of White Eyes

Skleritis is an inflammation on sklera (the white eyes).

Causes
Inflammation in sklera usually associated with the disease autoimun (eg artritis rematoid, lupus eritematosus), infection or chemical injury.
Sometimes the cause is not known.

Most occur in the age between 30-60 years old and rarely found in children.

SYMPTOMS
Symptoms include:
- A great eye pain
- The speck on the red sklera
- Blurred vision
- Fotofobia (sensitive to light)
- Watery eyes.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is done base on symptoms and results of eye examination.

Medicine
Corticosteroid eye drops can reduce the inflammation.
Sometimes given per-oral corticosteroid (oral).

If tedapat artritis rematoid or does not give response to corticosteroid, given that the drug's immune system (such as cyclophosphamide or azathioprin).

Melanoma Koroid

Melanoma Koroid is a tumor on eyes koroid layer. Melanoma maligna on koroid is a cancer of the most frequently found.

Causes
Melanoma is a type of cancer is very aggressive and can spread quickly.
Melanoma can be caused by exposure to excessive sunlight.

The most frequently affected are those with bright-eyed and blue.
Eyes can be the main organ tumor or cancer may also originate from other organs.

SYMPTOMS
In the early stages, melanoma is usually not cause a disturbance of vision, but in the end can cause tumor ablasio retina and vision disturbances.

Other symptoms that may occur are:

- Red eyes and sore
- A small wound on the slices or konjungtiva
- Changes in iris color
- Disruption of vision in one eye
- Protruding eyes.

Or may not have symptoms at all.

Diagnosis
Ditegakkan diagnosis based on symptoms or the results of examination with the use oftalmoskop.

Checking the other usual:
- USG eye
- CT scan skull bones
- MRI head.

Medicine
If is small, the tumor can be laser or radiation therapy.

If the tumor are large, the eyes should be appointed. If the eye is not raised, tumor can spread to the eye socket (orbita) and to other organs (through the blood vessel), causing death.

If the tumor has spread, chemotherapy is done.

PREVENTION
To reduce sun exposure, should use a black eye if the glass outside the house / room.

Colorectal Polyp

Polyp is a growth of the network or rectal bowel wall protruding into the intestine or rectum and can not be cancer (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Polyps vary depending on the size, the greater the greater the risk of polyp to become cancerous or pre-cancer. Polyps may grow large with or without the parent cell. Where is that without a parent cell may be more cancer cells than with mother. Adenomatous polyps, which consist mainly of the gland cells inside the colon surface, may be a cancer (pre-cancer). Adenomas of serrated adenoma is a really aggressive.

Transcription Condition

Some polyps are the results derived from the condition, such as family adenomatous polyposis and Peutz Jeghers syndrome.

Just to know, there is a genetically problems that causes people have hundreds of polyp in their colon. Without treatment, nearly all cancer patients experience the age of 40 years . in Polyposis of the Adenomatous family, 100 or more pre-cancerous polyps occur throughout the large intestine and rectum during infancy or adolescence. On almost all of that is not treated, polyps develop into colon cancer or rectal cancer (colorectal cancer) before age 40 years. people with Polyposis of adenomatous family can cause other complications (formerly called Gardner syndrome), especially the various types of non cancer. This non-tumor cancers arising elsewhere in the body (for example, in the skin, skull, or jaw).

In the Peutz Jeghers syndrome, patients have a lot of small polyps in the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. They also have a lot of black spot of bluish in the face of them, in their mouth, and in their hands and feet. Spot tend to fade when pubertas except that in the mouth. People with Peutz Jeghers syndrome increase the risk of developing into cancer many organs, especially pancreas, small intestine, colon, breast, lung, ovary, and uterus.

Colorectal Polyp Symptoms

Most polyps do not cause symptoms. When they occur, the most common symptom is bleeding from the rectum. Large polyp may cause convulsions, abdominal pain, or obstructions. Large polyp with a very small protruding, such as finger (villous adenomas) may issue a water and salt, cause diarrhea with a lot of water that can cause low potassium content in the blood (hypokalemia). Rarely, rectal polyp in the rectum and out through the anus dangle.

Diagnosis

A doctor may be able to handle polyps with a gloved finger to insert in the anus, but usually polyps found during flexible sigmoidoscopy (examination the lower colon with a viewing tube). If the polyp appeared flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy is done to check the entire colon. Testing is a more thorough and reliable as it is done more than one polyp is usually present and which also may be cancer. Colonoscopy also allows a doctor to biopsy (tissue paper transfer of the sample for examination under the microscope) field, which also seems to be a cancer.

Colorectal Polyp Treatment

Doctors generally recommend to remove all polyps from the colon and rectum because of their potential to become cancer. Polyps removed during a colonoscopy procedure using cutlery or electrified cable with loop. If the polyp does not have a parent or the cells can not be removed during colonoscopy, abdominal surgery may be needed.

If the polyp is found to be cancer, treatment depends on whether the cancer is spreading. The risk of the spread is determined by microscopic examination on the polyp. If the risk is low, no further treatment is necessary. If high risk, especially if cancer cells have been overrun parent polyp, the affected colon removed with surgery, and the ends of the cut through the intestine.

When excision of the polyp, the entire colon and rectum are examined with a colonoscopy and a year ago after a period of examination is determined by your doctor. If such examination is not possible because constringency colon, barium enema is used to view the large intestine with X-ray.

for patients with family of adenomatous poliposis, cutting thorough colon and eliminate the risk of rectal cancer. Another alternative, colon and rectum removed linked to small intestine, this procedure sometimes polyps the rectum and therefore preferred by many experts. The rest of the rectum is examined by sigmoidoscopy every 3 to 6 months, so that new polyps can be eliminated. If the new polyps appear too fast, rectum should also be removed. If the rectum removed, holes were created operation of the abdominal wall through the small intestine (ileostomy). The dirt is removed through the body into the ileostomy bag disposable.

Some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being studied for their ability to reverse the growth of polips in people with familial adenomatous poliposis. Their effects are temporary, however, and once these drugs are discontinued, the polyps begin to grow again. Some anti inflammation nonsteroid drugs (NSAIDs) are learned for their ability to reverse the growth polyps in patients with poliposis family adenomatous. While their effects, however, and so the medicine is stopped, start polyps grow large again.

conclution: Some of the polyp caused by a hereditary condition. Bleeding from the rectum is the most common symptoms. Colonoscopy is done to make the diagnosis. Surgery adoption is the best choice treatment.

Herpes Simplex infection to the cornea

Herpes infection of the cornea is Simplex infection on the cornea caused by herpes virus simplex. Herpes infection of the cornea is a recurrent virus infection. Research shows that up to 50% of patients relapse experienced. Test results of infection can occur several weeks or even several years after the first infection.

Herpes Simplex Symptoms

In the early stages, this infection resembling bacterial infection because of mild symptoms that occur are mild (the eyes feels sore, watery, red and sensitive to light).

Swelling cornea cause blurred vision.

Infection often causes only mild changes in the cornea and will disappear by itself.

Sometimes the virus penetrate deeper and the surface of the cornea.

Re-infection can cause more damage on the surface of the cornea.

If the patient until the infection is repeated, ulcerates can occur (the formation of open wound), the formation of scar network settle and feel lost when the eye is touched.

Simplex herpes virus can also cause increased blood vessel growth, disturbances of vision or blindness.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is done base on symptoms and results of eye examination.

Herpes Simplex Treatment

Given drugs such as anti-virus trifluridin, vidarabin or idoxuridine; salep usually in the form of cleaner or solvent eyes.

To help speed up disturbances of vision healing that is caused by simplex herpes virus, eye specialist doctors sometimes use cotton to remove cells from the dead and damaged surface of the cornea.

Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)

Hypotension (low blood pressure) is a condition in which blood pressure is lower than 90/60 mmHg or blood pressure low enough so that it causes symptoms such as dizziness and fainting.

Maintain the pressure at the time of leaving the heart and blood circulation to the whole body is very important. Pressure must be high enough to deliver oxygen and food substances to all cells in the body and dispose of waste generated.
If the pressure is too high, can tear the blood vessel and cause bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke) or other complication.

If the pressure is too low, the blood can not provide oxygen and food substances for which sufficient cells and can not remove the waste generated, as appropriate.


Compensation mechanism of blood pressure

There are 3 factors that help determine blood pressure:

1. The amount of blood pumped from the heart
   The more blood is pumped from the heart each minute (cardiac output, heart rainfall), the higher the blood pressure.
   
   Too much blood is pumped may be reduced if the heart rhythm slowed it's contradiction or weakened, as can happen after a heart attack (infarct myocardium).
   
   Heart rate is very fast, which can reduce the efficiency of the heart pumps, rainfall can also reduce heart.
2. Volume of blood in the vein.
   The more blood in circulation, the higher the blood pressure. Loss of blood due to dehydration or bleeding can reduce blood volume and lower blood pressure.
3. Capacity of the blood vessel.
   The small capacity of the heart tube, the higher the blood pressure. Dilation of blood vessel cause blood pressure and decrease blood vessel constriction causes blood pressure increase.

Sensor system, which is located mainly in the neck and chest, blood pressure monitors constantly. If found that the changes caused by one of the three factors above, the sensor system will trigger a change in one of the factors to compensate so that a stable blood pressure can be maintained.

Nerves carry signals from the sensor system and from the center of the brain to some important organs:

• Heart, to change the speed and strength of heartbeat (the amount of blood pumped)
• Kidney, to manage the expenditure of water (change in volume of blood circulation)
• Blood vessel, to cause contraction / wrinkling or dilatation (the capacity of the blood vessel).

Therefore, if the blood vessel open out (which will tend to lower blood pressure), the system immediately sends sensor signals through the brain and heart to heart rate to increase, so that the flow of blood from the heart and increased blood pressure changes occur.

Low blood pressure may be a result of the deviation function in the mechanisms that maintain blood pressure. For example, if the ability to bring nerve signal is interrupted due to various diseases, the compensation mechanism can not function properly.

Causes of Low Blood Pressure

• Changes In The Compensation Mechanism
• Rainfall decreased heart abnormal heart rhythm
• Damage, or loss of function of heart muscle rudiment
• Heart valve disease
• Embolism pulmonary
• Blood volume decreased by severe bleeding
• Diarrhea
• Excessive perspiration
• Excessive urinary
• Increase capacity of shock septic blood vessel
• By heat exposure
• Diarrhea
• Vasodilator drugs (nitrate, calcium resistor, resistor ACE)

Symptoms of Hypotension

People will usually feel dizzy or fainting.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is done base on symptoms and examination results of blood pressure. Check the other usual: Checking blood

• Blood production
• EKG
• Analysis of urine water
• Stomach Rays
• Chest Rays